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Volvariella volvacea is one of a few commercial cultivated mushrooms mainly using straw as carbon source. In this study, the genome of V. Volcacea was sequenced and assembled. A total of 285 genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in V. Volvacea were identified and annotated. Among 15 fungi with sequenced genomes, V.
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Volvacea ranks seventh in the number of genes encoding CAZymes. In addition, the composition of glycoside hydrolases in V. Volcacea is dramatically different from other basidiomycetes: it is particularly rich in members of the glycoside hydrolase families GH10 (hemicellulose degradation) and GH43 (hemicellulose and pectin degradation), and the lyase families PL1, PL3 and PL4 (pectin degradation) but lacks families GH5b, GH11, GH26, GH62, GH93, GH115, GH105, GH9, GH53, GH32, GH74 and CE12.
Analysis of genome-wide gene expression profiles of 3 strains using 3′-tag digital gene expression (DGE) reveals that 239 CAZyme genes were expressed even in potato destrose broth medium. Our data also showed that the formation of a heterokaryotic strain could dramatically increase the expression of a number of genes which were poorly expressed in its parental homokaryotic strains. Introduction Volvariella volvacea (Bull.: Fr.) Singer, commonly known as the straw mushroom and the Chinese mushroom, is an important, edible, straw-degrading basidomycete fungus of the tropics and subtropics. The annual yield of the fungus was about 437,200 tons in 2008.
The cultivation of V. Volvacea uses about 4 million tons of straw per year in China, accounting for approximately 2% of the annual straw yield in China and its cultivation residues are a source of organic fertilizer with high quality for crops. Despite the economic importance of this fungus, relatively little is known about how it degrades straw and obtains nutrients, and how many enzymes take part in lignocellulose degradation.